A Separate Peace Comparison Essay Essay Example

A Separate Peace: Comparison Essay Paper A Separate Peace is one of John Knowles’ most acclaimed plants and is based on Knowles’ stay at Phillip Exeter Academy in the early-to-mid 1940’s. It is set in a New England get oning school for male childs known as Devon. and begins in 1958 but rapidly flashes back to the old ages 1942 and 1943. In these old ages at the extremum of World War II we follow through the eyes and head of first-person storyteller and protagonist Gene Forrester. as he copes internally with green-eyed monster and hatred. and externally with the oncoming bill of exchange. As is the destiny of many great novels it rapidly hit the large screen. and in 1972 a movie version of A Separate Peace made its first introduction. directed by Larry Peerce. and starring Parker Stevensen as ‘Gene’ and John Heyl as ‘Finny’ . Though the film conveyed the subject – Gene a misled and sneakily violent pupil at Devon makes peace with himself and the universe – many sym bolic elements. of import facets. and minor inside informations are lost in the passage from novel to movie. We will write a custom essay sample on A Separate Peace: Comparison Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on A Separate Peace: Comparison Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on A Separate Peace: Comparison Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The first noted difference between the film and book is that an the novel. before the flashback while Gene is revisiting Devon he comments that he wants to see two topographic points: â€Å"I reached a marble anteroom. and stopped at the pes of a long white marble flight of stepss. † And: â€Å"There were several trees bleakly making into the fog. Any one of them might be the one I was looking for. † Queerly in the film Gene merely visits the tree. we can deduce that the step scene is omitted because it might give away the stoping excessively shortly. For case seeing a tree doesn’t needfully intimation at the farther content. while seeing stepss and a tree may ensue in person doing the connexion of falling down which. would finally give away the story’s flood tide and stoping. This is a reasonably of import scene and gets the reader interested through boding early on in the narrative but was left out of the movie. As both the novel and film advancement many minor fluctuations are noted. an illustration of such a fiddling difference between the novel and movie is that in the film. Brinker is portion of the summer session. This is most likely done to present major characters early on. and do it easier for viewing audiences to maintain path of cardinal people and less confounding than holding them introduced midway through the film. Then as the film continues series of notably different events take topographic point between Finny’s victory over A. Hopkins Parker and Finny and Gene’s return from their adventure to the Beach. Three of the most outstanding alterations in this section are that Parkers swim record is replaced with a pole-vaulting record ; Gene doesn’t need to be persuaded about every bit much to travel to the beach. and much more item is put into the beach/boardwalk scene in the film than the book. A. Hopkins Parkers’ record is changed from swimming to pole -vaulting. which is most probably changed to salvage clip and increase the action and involvement degree of the scene ; pole-vaulting is much more exciting and capturing for the audience than swimming. The viewing audiences can besides see that the record has been beaten alternatively of holding to take Gene’s word from a stop watch. Following in the film Gene immediately agrees to attach to Finny to the beach. while in the fresh Gene inside contemplates the effects before replying: †The beach was hours away by bike. forbidden. wholly out of all bounds. Traveling at that place risked ejection. destroyed the analyzing I was making for an of import trial the following forenoon. blasted the sensible sum of order I wanted to maintain in my life. and it besides involved the sort of long laboured bike drive I hated. ‘All right. ’ I said. †This gives us a sense of how persuasive a individual Finny is ; Gene gives excuse upon alibi and yet ends up giving in to Finny. in the film Finny’s personality can non be displayed about every bit conspicuously because of the fact that Gene doesn’t narrate during in the movie. and therefore it is about impossible to include the sum of item in the movie as the book. Finally the beach scene unlike most of the film has a batch of apparently unnecessary clip put into it. and is possibly the lone scene that has more item than its opposite number in the novel. The sum of clip spent on this scene when compared to the sum of information left out of the film is important. and was possibly made this manner to do up for symbolism left out in the movie. The deficiency of symbolism in most of the film consequences in a enormous loss of sensory inside informations for the spectator and can ensue in a lesser apprehension of the narrative. For illustration in chapter six Knowles entrywaies us in a symbolic representation of two rivers: the Devon and the Naguamsett. The Devon clean and pure straight relates to the boys life at school – secluded. peaceful. placid – while the rough Naguamsett is pitiless and unsympathetic â€Å"It was ugly. saline. fringed with marsh clay and seaweed. † These stand for the dangers of life outside of Devon and the bill of exchange which is seen to the male childs as â€Å"governed by impossible factors like the Gulf Stream. the Polar Ice Cap. and the Moon. This deepness and complexness can non be shown embodied in the film because of the deficiency of first individual narrative. Yet another deficiency of important imagination between film and book is when Gene visits Leper after go forthing the ground forces. and is told of the lunacy that overcame him. Knowles creates a scene that straight reflects Leper’s insanity: †The crust beneath us continued to check and as we reached the boundary line of the field the cold trees besides were checking with the cold. The two crisp groups of noises sounded to my ears like rifles being fired in the distance. †This is a much more ocular screening so the film in which Leper is pushed down. and rolls into a foetal place. In decision the film is a good thought but is ill executed. and unluckily lacks the novel’s symbolism. many cardinal characteristics. and minor but helpful inside informations. The film inadequately portrays of the novel and would be hard to construe without first reading the book. That said it is non particularly bad if one has read the fresh prior to sing the film and they compliment each other good. A Separate Peace. Dir. Larry Peerce. Perf. Parker Stevenson and John Heyl. VHS. Paramount Pictures. 1972. Knowles. John. A Separate Peace. Secker and Warburg. 1959

Conjugation of French Verb Entrer (to Enter)

Conjugation of French Verb Entrer (to Enter) The French verb  entrer means to enter and its a very useful word to know. As you use French in more conversations or travel to French-speaking regions, youll find forms of  entrer  everywhere. Just like with all verbs, when we want to say entered or entering, the verb needs to be conjugated. A short lesson will demonstrate how to do that. Conjugating the French Verb  Entrer Entrer  is not only a very common verb, it also follows a very common verb conjugation pattern. This is a  regular -ER verb  and it shares the same infinitive endings with similar verbs like  enseigner  (to teach),  exister  (to exist), and many others. As with all French verb conjugations, begin by identifying the verb stem:  entr-. We can then add a new ending to match the present, future, or imperfect past tense with the appropriate subject pronoun. For instance, I enter is jentre and we will enter is nous entrerons. The easiest way to memorize all these verb forms is to practice them in context. Luckily, there are plenty of opportunities in everyday life to utilize  entrer. Subject Present Future Imperfect j' entre entrerai entrais tu entres entreras entrais il entre entrera entrait nous entrons entrerons entrions vous entrez entrerez entriez ils entrent entreront entraient The Present Participle of  Entrer The  present participle  of  entrer  is  entrant. Not only is it a verb, you can also use it as an adjective, gerund, or noun in some circumstances. The Past Participle and Passà © Composà © To express the past tense entered, you can use either the imperfect forms or the  passà © composà ©. Forming the latter is quite simple and you might find it the easier option of the two. To construct it, begin by conjugating the  auxiliary verb  Ãƒ ªtre  according to the sentences subject pronoun. Then, add the  past participle  entrà ©. As an example, I entered becomes je suis entrà © and we entered is nous sommes entrà ©. More Simple  Entrer  Conjugations Should you find that the action of entering is subjective or uncertain, use the subjunctive verb mood. Similarly, the conditional verb mood implies that entering will only occur if something else happens. The possibility of needing the passà © simple or the imperfect subjunctive is low. Thats because these are primarily reserved for writing. Yet, knowing them will help your reading comprehension. Subject Subjunctive Conditional Passà © Simple Imperfect Subjunctive j' entre entrerais entrai entrasse tu entres entrerais entras entrasses il entre entrerait entra entrà ¢t nous entrions entrerions entrà ¢mes entrassions vous entriez entreriez entrà ¢tes entrassiez ils entrent entreraient entrà ¨rent entrassent Forming short, direct commands or requests is very easy with the imperative verb form. When using this, the subject pronoun is not required, so tu entre can be entre. Imperative (tu) entre (nous) entrons (vous) entrez

Ecological Footprints Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Ecological Footprints - Essay Example This paper will explore the concept of ecological footprint as applied in the universe today to monitor the relationship between humanity and nature. First and foremost, the paper will look into what is ecological footprints and then focus on the importance of this concept and lastly explore the strengths, benefits as well as the weaknesses of the concept. Ecological footprint is the metric tool that allows us to evaluate human pressure on the universe and it is defined as a measure of the load imposed on nature by a given population (Spellerberg 108). It can also be defined as the estimate of the land area or land equivalent necessary to sustain current levels of resource consumption and waste assimilation for a given population, where land is the area of the environment including the aquatic habitat (Spellerberg 108). It is for instance estimated that the earth today takes about one year and six months to regenerate the resources used up by humanity and to assimilate the waste prod uced (â€Å"Global Footprint Network†). ... this way, the concept provides a simple way for comparison between the demand for natural resources and the ability of nature to provide, bio capacity. When there is increased ecological footprint, there is increased demand for resources than the capacity of nature to provide and this creates a deficit/gap commonly referred to as overshoot. The world ecological footprint is described to have increased by 50% between the year 1970 and 1997, an increase of about 1.5% per year and the living planet index decreased by about 33% (Spellerberg 108). Overshoot is one of the most underestimated threats to the human population and it is maintained through the utilization of nature in a manner that is not sustainable (Smith 10). The concept of ecological footprint is very useful to the human race and the universe in general as it helps to monitor the use of ecological resources and foster advancements in sustainable development. By measuring the ecological footprint of a certain population be i t individuals, a state, a business or even humanity in general, we can be able to evaluate the pressure we are exerting on the planet and take caution. We will be able to utilize the available resources more wisely and also take individual and even collective initiatives to support and improve the ecological habitat of humanity. A UN projection study for instance shows that if the recent consumption model continues, by the year 2030, humanity will need the equivalent of two Earths to sustain itself (â€Å"Global Footprint Network†). The concept is very instrumental in helping the society deal with the problems that arise from overshoot whereby people are converting resources into waste faster than the waste can be put back into resource. The results of overshoot are devastating to humanity

Biology Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Biology - Article Example This variation in genes eliminates the chance of delivering mitochondrial diseases to the baby and can affect the baby’s whole personality. This procedure gives the baby chance to live with the healthiest genes. Male mitochondria have no role as these are only present in the sperm tail and do not get the chance of penetrating the egg. The researchers from UK’s Newcastle University are trying another technique that involves the transfer of cell nucleus only and not the mitochondria. The nucleus of the egg with defective mitochondria is transferred to the donor egg. Male infertility can also be cured by injecting healthy mitochondria into the sperm tail which helps in sperm motility. However, chances of mitochondrial diseases to be transferred to the baby still persist as some faulty mitochondria can remain attached to the transferred nucleus. Questions that arise are: Is it not too early to jump to conclusions as Lane himself mentioned that the research work in this area is not complete? If variations in mitochondrial DNA may result in the occurrence of diseases like Alzheimer’s, then is the idea of designer babies a good one? If mitochondrial incompatibilities lead to fatal diseases like early miscarriages, then what is the solution? Have any experiments been conducted to cure male infertility using this concept? Is this concept ethically

Attica Correctional Facility Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Attica Correctional Facility - Research Paper Example The Attica Correctional Facility maintains a large industrial operation producing a variety of textile items and metal products. There is also a large program of vocational and academic education. In addition, it maintains extensive programs in family service, mental health and youth assistance. Authors of the Prison Monitoring Report: Attica also stated that they were left with both positive and negative impressions about the facility. While some programs provide beneficial and productive opportunities for inmates to gain skills and confront difficult challenges, they were struck by a widespread sense of fear and intimidation among the inmates. Reports of staff physically abusing inmates and retaliation by officers against inmates who file complains about staff were extensive. Although inmates had positive impressions about Superintendent James Conway and his administration, they reported that he was unable to halt the pervasive violence and abuse by the officers. The four-day riot at the Attica Correctional Facility was reported by History.com as the bloodiest prison insurrection in US History. It was reported that on September 9, 1971 a group of inmates at the facility assaulted a prison guard and began rioting. They took prison employees hostage and gained control of portions of the facility. After which, negotiations between inmates and prison officials followed. The inmates demanded better living conditions at the overcrowded prison. However, an article on the American Express website reported some events essential to validating the purpose of the riot. It reported that inmates who were predominantly African American and Puerto Ricans were incensed at the deteriorating living conditions-among them, the fact that they were only allowed to shower once per week and were allowed one roll of toilet paper per month. Overcrowding had also

The Background Of Nationalism Theology Religion Essay

The Background Of Nationalism Theology Religion Essay Fr. Horacio Dela Costa, in his work The Background of Nationalism and Other Essays, made an effort to help the Filipino find strengthen his own sense of identity, questioning the shallowness of the usual Filipinos claim for national identity. He says, It is easy enough to say, I am Filipino. but then asks what saying it means when the very word itself is a foreign derivative with no exact indigenous equivalent. The truth is that, as Father Dela Costa says, we do not even have a name we can call our own. Father Dela Costas essays in this text concerns to clarify the Filipinos sense of identity and purpose as a nation.(p. vii) In this text, Father Dela Costa gave light on the responsibility of the writer in contemporary Philippine society. Here he writes about the concerns the writer must keep in mind. The writer as an artist, he says, is responsible for conveying the right memorable experience in his text. The writer must be aware of the Filipinos sense of identity. Startling, in fact, that Father Dela Costa started proving the Filipinos cultural identity by doubting it. He asks, Do we have a cultural identity? (p.83) He wonders because what is apparent is that Filipinos have cultural diversity far more pronounced than any other Asian nation. He recognizes that our neighboring Asian nations have been subjected to Western cultural influence but he observes that none of them have experienced such interpenetration as the Filipino. This is the reason why he questions the Filipino identity. The influence of the West have seemingly been so much mixed with the Filipinos own that it might, in a way, have dominated what remains to be originally Filipino. Father Dela Costa contends that Filipinos cannot just accept it as a given that the Filipino is culturally diverse, a mix of Asian and Western. He wants the Filipino to be aware of his own and claim just one, it cannot be both. So much of the culture may be influenced by the West such as the constitution and religion but Father Dela Costa contends that still, we cannot be both. We must be one or the other, Asian or Western. He says that the Filipino who accepts both might be accepting so because he subscribes to the Aristotelian concept of orderliness wherein he likes to see things fit neatly in categories. To those who accept both, the Filipino is Asian because he is geographically from Asia but also Western because of so much Western things he does culturally. However, this new category of being both might be disorderly after all. Father Dela Costa suspects a rough kind of unity here. (p.84) All in all, Father Dela Costa encourages the Filipino writer to be aware of his identity thru enlarged consciousness and refined sensibility of the present and past. This work of his aims to empower the Filipino to be aware of what he truly is and truthfully claims his culture as his own. The Rizal Bill of 1956 Horacio dela Costa was asked to draft for the Church a pastoral letter on the writings of Jose Rizal (particularly Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo) being included in the reading curriculum of students in the Philippines. It is not something many know, but he actually expressed a positive view of Rizal, hailing Rizal as builder of a nation. In draft A, he reinforced that Rizal was not someone with an unthinking love for the country, meaning that the Filipinos suffered under colonial rule but this was not the only cause of their suffering. He went on to say that Rizals books, contrary to popular belief, were in fact not looked upon unfavorably by the Catholic Church since the Church would never get in the way of the legitimate political and social aspirations of any people (Schumacher), which were expressed in Rizals novels. However, a closer inspection of the novels reveals that his writing did not lambast the Church but rather brought attention to the abuses and issues surrounding the institution such as the reality of unfaithful priests and excessive veneration of saints. Though it must be realized that these issues do not in any way render Catholic doctrine as a whole null and void. Therefore, in Dela Costas view, it can be seen that Rizal was not targeting the Catholic Church with his novels but the crimes that its members commit in order to tarnish its principles. The way of Jesuit Education entails that a person has morality closely intertwined with intellect, an integral relationship between the life of faith and the life of the mind. (Donahue 1992) This therefore implies that one may display the values of his Jesuit education by making sure that his sense of morality permeates his intellectual endeavors, that he is able to discern well with reason but also able to see goodness, to see God in all things, no matter how difficult it might seem to be. In this case, Horacio Dela Costa incorporated morality into his analysis of Rizal and his two novels by discerning Rizals motives through his writing. It would be all too easy to go with the opinion of the majority of the bishops who hired him to write the pastoral letter by just condemning the inclusion of Rizals novels in the reading curriculum of schools. However, Dela Costa wrote out a letter with a more positive view of Rizal according to what his intellect, as well as his sense of morality and goodness told him, which in turn gauged the morality that he could see in Rizal and his writings. Rizals novels tell of some negative aspects of religion, such as corruption in the character of Fr. Damaso and Salvi or even the religious complacency of Tiago, who prayed as much as a saint in the story but might not have reflected this religious sense in terms of his actions. It would have been all too easy for Dela Costa, or for anyone, for that matter, to dismiss these examples as plain criticisms of the Church, aimed at providing those who do not support the Church as an institution with the fuel to rip them apart. However, Dela Costa was able to use his keen intellect and sense of morality and goodness on Rizals writings in order to pinpoint insights that went much deeper. He was able to surmise that Rizal was not anti-Church; his writings did not reflect a negative image of Catholic doctrine, but rather revealed the abuses and crimes being committed by the members of the Church, whether these be in the higher ranks such as the priests or ordinary laymen. Dela Costa was able to recognize Rizals examples of excessive veneration of saints, malicious behavior of religious figures, and other such unholy matters as expressing a stand against how religion was presented to people during his time; how religion existed in peoples lives back then. Dela Costa was able to recognize Rizals morality and sense of goodness through his writing when others could only see bald-faced accusations and criticisms of a powerful institution. It is important to possess a realistic picture of the world, a world where suffering exists. In the world today, it would be so easy for a person to block things out if they should find something unpleasant. However, a Jesuit education, in order to let people see that there is goodness and God in everything must also groom people to accept and face the reality of a suffering world. Dela Costa would not have taken Rizals exposure of the negative aspects of the Church as he did, if he did not choose to see the world for what it is, negative aspects and all. He was also able to understand Rizals intentions to tackle suffering at its source because he was also able to take the time to discern the dirty, painful picture of reality and avoid putting blame and accusations on Rizal, who the bishops thought had a negative view of the Church itself. On Free Trade and Poverty Free trade between an industrial country and an agricultural country is to the detriment of the agricultural country à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Our negotiating position à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ cannot be other than based on our national interest à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ and at the same time, on social justice. (Trade between the unequal, lecture 30 August 1968). According to Gatdula these assertions made by Fr. De La Costa, based on recent findings by several international organizations, were deemed correct and still very much relevant in todays free trade market. His works from the past are still some of the main frameworks of todays society. On poverty this is Fr. Dela Costas perspective: We must now make our own decisions and must take the full consequences of the decisions we wrongly make, or weakly make, or cravenly fail to make. We no longer have a mother country or a colonial master to blame for our shortcomings; we only have ourselves. (Philippine Economic Development, 27 January 1966) Although not specifically directed towards the poor and impoverished, Fr. Dela Costa believes that we have full control over our lives and he wants the poor to take control to try to get themselves out of the hole they are currently in. They have to make a stand and not just blame whomever for their situation. Another insight is that this phrase was written forty years ago for it most likely was a problem back then that Fr. Dela Costa saw, truly enough this is still applicable in our lives today, especially with our Filipino culture of blaming others for the shortcomings or negative outcomes in our lives. Clearly seen in our electoral system wherein we are the ones who vote for and decide who our government officials are but when they dont perform up to par we blame them but in reality the one to blame is us, for we are the ones who voted for them. Fr. Dela Costa also asserts that for our country to gain economic development all the people must contribute, it must be a joint effort. Undoubtedly this is true but the question that he raises is that are we all willing to do this?

Henry James :: essays research papers

Post-Civil War American Literature saw a transition from the prominence of romance to the development of realism. In the late 1800's, the United States was experiencing swift growth and change as a result of a changing economy, society, and culture because of an influx in the number of immigrants into America. (Spiller 35) Whereas authors previously sought to "idealize human beings, fall in love with a dream, and then, reject the real man or woman who had inspired the dream", they now worked to accurately portray life and people as they really were. (Wagenknecht 68) Realists such as Henry James and William Dean Howells, two of the most prolific writers of the nineteenth-century, used typical realistic methods to create an accurate depiction of changing American life 	Henry James was one of five children of affulent, eccentric parents. While his birth in 1843 was in New York City, his parents were purposly rootless, and by the age of eighteen he had already crossed the Atlantic six times. He avoided participation in the Civil War because of a poor back and began a role which he would maintain throughout his life and writings, one of a detached observer rather than participant in the American social scene. (Matthiessen 14) 	The first phase of James' writing begins when he is twenty-one, in 1864 and continues until 1881. He was extremely popular during this time, especially during after publication of a short story Daisy Miller, which is concerned with the destruction of a naive American girl by European mores. James continues the theme of placing Americans without sufficient social experience into the complex society and culture of Europe with The American, which chronicles a man whose finds himself unable to buy his way into French society. (Matthiessen 14) 	For Henry James, the years of 1882 to 1895 brought less success. His novels now took on a more political tone. (Matthiessen 15) In 1886, he published The Bostonians, regarding the feminist movement in New England. Here, "he complained that women who wanted to become just like men were disregarding their own uniqueness." (Norton 616) The Tragic Muse, published in 1890, continues this trend as it contrasts art with politics. After these works failed commerically , James turned to the British stage; he found no greater success there. (Matthiessen 15) 	The period of James' life recognized as the final phase, the one which Matthiessen calls the "Major Phase", revolves around three novels with which James assured himself a place in American Literature.

My Culture and Background

I was born and raised in Southeast Asia, Philippines. It consists of 7,107 islands and each one of them has each own dialect and tribes that lives in rural part of the area. My mom is a Spanish Filipino and my dad is a Chinese. I embraced two cultures with no problems. Both cultures molded me strongly with values, ethics, religion and economics. It plays a vital role of who I am now. Let me begin by telling you that in my country, the Spanish colony conquered the Philippines in 1621. Magellan named the archipelago in the honor of King Phillip of Portugal at that time. My great –great grandfathers were baptized as a Catholics and was given Spanish names by them. Until now, this still exist. We adapted their dialect and even have Spanish alphabets too. I and my siblings grew up in a very strict Catholic way and Dad would approved of it even though he is not a Catholic but a Buddist. Very conflicting, right? At early age, we were trained through various tasks. I learned how to slaughter a chicken at the age of 9. Then, I and my siblings lived in dormitory where our school has one at that time. From preschool until my high school yrs, that’s where I considered my second home. I studied in Chinese school and all of us were taught in a communist way. Example is we are not allowed to wear jewelries and the only thing that was allowed at that time is a watch. Then the hair shouldn’t be longer than the collar of the white blouse uniform. The allowance was given by the matron . Then our time was being scheduled every day. It was hard because we were trained like soldiers. It was a very rigid training for us. I was trained not to be late on any appointment. I was used to it until now. I and my siblings studied in a Chinese school. From Pre-K to high school. It is to educate us about Chinese language so that when we go to visit our Chinese relatives, we know how to communicate and understand. (If you don’t know the Chinese dialect, you will feel outcast from the family). For the most part, Chinese and Filipino customs are similar to each other. Regarding the family values, it is a very strict custom that we should always take care of our elders. Also, we are not allowed to talk back to them and if you say something when they are talking to you or reprimanding you, this is showing to them that you are disrespecting them. Also, we don’t have divorce in our country. Marriage is sacred there. We still have a courtship, engagement and a dowry. This goes for a bride’s price. I am a cultural diversity. It came a big surprise for me too when I came here in United States. I thought there is only one or two cultures mixed together but I was wrong. The culture here is totally very much different or opposite rather than what I grew up with. It was a culture shock for me. People here don’t hold or guard their tongue when they talk to you, rude by any means or praising you. They don’t care about how you feel. They also have racial discrimination. This is totally a big conflict to what I am. For me, I was taught not to say any bad or disrespectful or even words that will hurt somebody’s feeling. Then, how people handle their relationship here, it’s like nobody cares to save the marriage anymore. Couples fight in terms of money, child custody and infidelity. We worked hard to keep our marriage intact for the sake of our family and kids. The vows for us is sacred. Our families don’t like broken marriage, it is shameful to the family if there is one. And the most important of all, kids or younger generation don’t know how to respect the elders anymore. They would call you with your first name even if you are related to them. It’s like both of you are of the same age. These are all very disturbing for me. But somehow, I adjusted and respect it somehow. Accepting the way things or circumstances and blending with other culture and learning from it is a good way to learn more. But I won’t depart from what I was taught and I am happy and contented the way I am.

How does Shakespeare use the theme of love to create a comedy?

â€Å"Twelfth Night† is a romantic comedy with true love at its heart. The play does have occasional dark undertones but generally the genuine love and the misunderstanding make it a comic play. It was written originally for the Twelfth Night celebrations after Christmas in 1602. These celebrations were light hearted and a time for revelry. It was sometimes known as the â€Å"Feast of Fools† and normal behaviour and sensible acts were suspended at this time. Authority was turned up side down. In most universities, private houses and the law schools, a Lord of Misrule was elected. Usually a servant became Master of the Household for a short period of time. He organised dances, masques and make-believe activities. Everything was allowed; pranks, deception, etc., ruled this period between 25th December and 6th January. Afterwards, everything goes back to normal and the original hierarchy is once more obeyed.Love Poem Even though comedy is a large part of the play, love is most definitely the main theme. There are love triangles, love based on disguise and true love al involved in the lives of the characters. The play transforms one type of love for another, for example, selfish self-love is transformed to genuine love. This aspect shows that true love wins through in the end. Shakespeare uses all of the different types of love to create comedy towards the audience. For example, the self-love is so masochistic that the audience looks on with humour with the over-exaggeration. Unrequited love also makes quite a big romantic impact because the character is seen making a fool of themselves. Twelfth Night is a mixture of all emotions; an audience will laugh, cry and fume at the characters that Shakespeare creates. There are three characters at the heart of the play involved in a love triangle. Orsino is the first that we are introduced to. Shakespeare represents Orsino as a parody of the romantic lover, in love with the idea of love. He is comic at times because of his obsession and the exaggerated language he uses to talk about love: QUOTE: ACT 1, SCENE 1 â€Å"If music be the food of love, play on Give me the excess of it, that surfeiting The appetite may sicken and so die† This quotation shows how melodramatic Shakespeare makes Orsino. It is so exaggerated that the audience would find him comical as he is portrayed as thinking that no other experience is as good as his intense feeling for love. He is obsessed by Olivia and is comical because of his obsessive nature. He also frequently seems quite fickle in his feelings which adds to his comic nature: QUOTE: ACT 1, SCENE 1 â€Å"Enough; no more. ‘Tis not so sweet now as it was before† This quotation is an example of how Orsino changes his feelings in an instant. Later Orsino is talking to Viola/Cesario about men and women in love. He claims to be the model lover, talking about his love for Olivia: QUOTE: ACT 2, SCENE 4 â€Å"For such as I am, all true loves are Unstaid and skittish in all motions else† His lines are made particularly funny and he seems unperceptive because the audience is aware that Cesario is of course a woman and that despite what Orsino says about women having less capacity for love than men, Viola/Cesario in fact loves him a lot and much more constantly than he loves Olivia. This is a good example of dramatic irony. Shakespeare satirises Orsino's exaggerated obsessive form of love. The second character involved in the love triangle is Olivia. Orsino and Olivia are quite similar in a number of ways but their main similarity is in their characters. They both provide comedy in the play because of their obsessive love and their fickleness. Examples of this for Olivia are her obsessive love for her dead brother and Cesario and how she changes from seven years mourning to loving Cesario and then changing from Cesario to Sebastian. A quotation for her obsessive nature is: QUOTE: ACT 3, SCENE 1 â€Å"Have you not set mine honour at the stake And baited it all with th'unmuzzled thoughts That tyrannous heart can think† Here, Olivia is openly expressing her love for Cesario which ends up being comical because it is unrequited. She pours her heart out which adds to the nature of the scene. Olivia criticises Orsino's stereotypical view of love because it doesn't sound real to her. Her actions towards love are actually much the same but she does not realise this, making her hypocritical and therefore criticising her own way of thinking. Also, she claims that she will never love again but that all changes when Cesario comes into the picture. Shakespeare creates her character to be an unrealistic and vain, top-class person which shows through in her language. Orsino praises her for her looks, not for her as a person and this once more accentuates their similarities and comic personal lives. This act depicts how shallow Orsino is. One of the most comical parts of the play to do with Olivia is when she falls in love with Cesario, or who the audience knows is Cesario. This is highly amusing for the audience as they know the truth and they watch Olivia make a fool of herself. Shakespeare uses love from Olivia to Viola to create a high point of comedy throughout the play. He uses over-exaggerated language once more to really highlight the shallow feelings of Olivia: QUOTE: ACT 1, SCENE 5 â€Å"Let him send no more Unless (perchance) you come to me again To tell me now he takes it† This quotation is Olivia talking seductively to Cesario, once more openly expressing her feelings for â€Å"him†. Again, comical to the audience, for seeing a woman flirt with another was a very amusing but unheard of thing at the time when this play was performed. When Sebastian appears on stage a comical effect takes place because we can imagine the blank looks on the characters' faces as an identical twin becomes part of the plot. Sebastian becomes a love interest to the fickle Olivia, once more creating comedy because of her changeability. By making Olivia so fickle and over-exaggerated Shakespeare creates a large amount of comedy based around her and the people she is involved with. The third and final part of the love triangle is Viola. She disguises herself as a man and serves Orsino which is comic first-off because of how she changes herself. The audience sees the change and therefore can compare the different reactions and feelings between the characters of Viola and Cesario. The audience would be used to this kind of dramatic behaviour, as a long tradition of plays at this time had these kind of comic complications. They would find it excessively funny seeing a beautiful woman able to disguise herself as a man yet no other characters able to notice. This is dramatic irony for the audience is let in on the secret but still can watch everyone not in the know create a jolly and comic atmosphere. Viola is sometimes witty and is involved in a range of comic situations most of them involved with the love complications in the play. The funniest single scene involving Viola has to be her comic duel with Sir Andrew which is set up by Sir Toby because both men are rivals for Olivia though of course neither does actually love her. There are several comic moments involving Viola where she gets herself caught up in situations that accentuate the comic nature of the play. Ironically Orsino fails to realise that his wonderful new servant is actually a woman despite the hinting conversations they have: QUOTE: ACT 1, SCENE 4 â€Å"Thy small pipe is as the maiden's organ† Here Orsino is speaking and commenting on Viola's unnatural high, shrill female voice yet he still does not catch on that she is actually a woman. This also has a slightly bawdy tone to it which was very popular at that time and would definitely have made the audience laugh. At the end of the scene the audience realises the romantic comedy is underway as Viola reveals her true feelings for Orsino: QUOTE: ACT X, SCENE X â€Å"I'll so my best to woo your lady (Aside) Yet a barful strife Whoe'er I woo myself would be his wife† The language here is romantic and wistful for Viola has to assist someone else, who she perceives not worthy of his love, to love Orsino although underneath she has true romantic feelings for him. Then Orsino sends Cesario to woo Olivia who falls in love with Viola! This is ironic and what starts off the love triangle. Shakespeare writes a speech for Viola to say to Olivia which is romantic, lyrical and paints vivid romantic pictures. It is also quite comical for the audience as they realise Olivia is in love with Viola. Viola can actually be quite witty and we can see this in her conversation with Maria: QUOTE: ACT 1, SCENE 5 â€Å"Some mollification for your giant Sweet lady† Viola is being rude and sarcastic to Maria referring to her as a â€Å"giant†, therefore commenting on her lack of height. This is a small indication of what the real Viola is like underneath her male costume. By the end of the Act, Viola realises that Olivia has fallen in love with her, creating yet more amusement among the audience. Comedy is also involved when Orsino fails to realise Viola's feelings despite some heavy hints: QUOTE: ACT 2, SCENE 4 â€Å"Of your completion†¦..About your years, my Lord† These are just two of the lines or hints that Viola says when she is in Orsino's company. Viola says a long speech about the sincerity of her love. Shakespeare really goes all-out on the imagery in this section which reflects how Viola is feeling. It is a powerful insight into her life and feelings which is then cast into a shadow by Orsino's weak and misunderstood response. QUOTE: ACT 2, SCENE 4 â€Å"But died thy sister of his love, my boy?† This is comic because even though Viola is her heart out for him, he is too bound up in his love affairs to notice. The duel is a very comic moment because Viola and Sir Andrew are both terrified of each other thanks to of the crafty ways of Sir Toby. He also urges them both on to the fight. Viola's aside line would make the audience laugh: QUOTE: ACT 3, SCENE 4 â€Å"Pray God defend me! A little thing would make me tell them how much I love of a man† This would be very comical for the audience for it reveals Viola's fright and nervousness towards the fight. Also she is supposed to be a man but everyone thinks that her slightly feeble attitude towards the fight is cowardly, and they would probably also doubt her masculinity therefore resulting it into and ironic and comic situation. In the final scene there is a mounting sense of comic confusion, particularly when Olivia thinks she has married Viola then Sebastian himself enters. You could see what confusion this would amount to on stage – everyone looking from Viola to Sebastian and back again. Shakespeare creates a huge amount of confusion with Viola because of her mistaken identity. Comically, everything turns out more or less well for her and Shakespeare successfully uses love to create comedy. Shakespeare creates characters primarily for comic effect in this play and each of them are in some way involved in the theme of love. Sir Andrew is one of these. He is a figure of fun, but can also be seen as a sad person. The audience feels sympathy for him while laughing at his antics. He has been tricked by Sir Toby into believing he is in love with Olivia, which shows how easily he can be manipulated. Therefore he is constructed as a comic character. Sir Toby tells him to do stupid things like dance wildly, his appearance is comical to the audience (long, lanky figure, rather dim expression) and most comical of all he repeats Sir Toby's words but misunderstands them: QUOTE: ACT 1, SCENE 3 â€Å"Good Mistress Accost I desire better acquaintance† He gets confused with what people say and this puts a very comical and stupid air about his character. Shakespeare always portrays him as foolish. But he also has speeches which make you feel slightly sorry for him: QUOTE: ACT 2, SCENE 5 â€Å"I knew t'was I for many do call me fool† Even Sir Andrew is aware that people call him a fool which is a funny, yet heartfelt feeling put across by Shakespeare. Another poignant yet comic line is: QUOTE: ACT 2, SCENE 3 â€Å"I was adored once too† A famous line for you can tell his sorrow at being unloved yet you can laugh at his pathetic view on love. The main comic scene for Sir Andrew is the duel in Act 3, Scene 4. Shakespeare uses Sir Andrew for a key element of plot development in Act 4after fighting. Sir Andrew is terrified at the prospect of fighting someone and proceeds to do cowardly actions and act pathetically. This would seem hilarious to the audience because of how Shakespeare portrays Sir Andrew leading up to the fight and during it. Sir Andrew is left unhappy and alone at the end for everyone is married and have a happy ending. He does not but still his false love and stupidity casts him to be an important part of the play. Malvolio is another character who Shakespeare uses to create comedy in relation to love. He is a Puritan, satirised by Shakespeare, and filled to the brim with self love. Malvolio is not a sincere Puritan because of the letter plot in the box tree scene. This cleverly arranged plot reveals what a hypocrite Malvolio is about lusting after Olivia, as he frowned upon Sir Toby and Maria before, but when it relates to him he doesn't care. This scene is the first comic element of Malvolio; the letter tricks him into smiling inappropriately and wearing awful clothes to impress Olivia, obviously all of this failing dismally in winning her affections, dramatically increasing the comedy of Malvolios character. In Act 3, Scene 4, the trick is revealed and Malvolio appears very ridiculous as he realises what a fool he has been. Sir Toby is very rude and cruel to him which makes him realise how unhappy his life is and how much disrespect people have for him. These elements do put a damper on the comic play but Malvolio does contribute with his comedy and love based antics. Although Shakespeare uses the theme of love primarily to create the comedy, the play also has much darker undertones. Feste is an ironic commentator on human nature and on the way in which people behave when they are in love. He has a very different perspective on love to the aristocratic figures in the play. Shakespeare ends the comedy with an epilogue from Feste, telling some very bitter thoughts about human nature, love and life. It ends with: QUOTE: ACT 5 SCENE 1 â€Å"But that's all one, our play is done And we'll strive to please you every day This is an acceptance of the sad conditions of life. A very unexpected end to a comedy. Feste is philosophical in all of his bitter songs and they all have poignant lines in them: QUOTE: ACT 2 SCENE 3 â€Å"Youth's a stuff will not endure This is a saying that youth, love and beauty will not last forever. Another sad line is: QUOTE: ACT 2 SCENE 4 â€Å"Sad true lover, never find my grave This tells us about how people hide away and die for love. Feste provides us with comedy about love but his main role in this play is to make the audience come back to their senses and realise the reality of life. Overall, this play has many ways to show how love and comedy combine to make a story of passion and heartbreak, love and unhappiness. Every character I have analysed here contributes towards the intense tone of the play, giving comedy and love to the audience. Yes, there are a few who reveal the darker undertones but these characters are essential in making the play as provoking, passionate and realistic that it is. QUOTE: ACT 5 SCENE 4 â€Å"A great while ago the world begun With hey, ho the wind and the rain But that's all one, our play is done, And we'll strive to please you every day†

Electronic Engineer Essays

Electronic Engineer Essays Electronic Engineer Essay Electronic Engineer Essay International Conference on Modelling and Simulation Path Loss Effect on Energy Consumption in a WSN ? Krishna Doddapaneni,? Enver Ever,? Orhan Gemikonakli,†  Ivano Malavolta,? Leonardo Mostarda,†  Henry Muccini Communications Department, School of Engineering Information Sciences, Middlesex University, UK Email:{k. doddapaneni, e. ever, o. gemikonakli, l. mostarda}@mdx. ac. uk †  Dipartimento Di Informatica De L’Aquila Via Vetoio L’Aquila 67100, Italy Email:{ivano. malavolta,henry. muccini}@univaq. it ? ComputerAbstract- Energy consumption of nodes is a crucial factor that constrains the networks life time for Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). WSNs are composed of small sensors equipped with lowpower devices, and have limited battery power supply. The main concern in existing architectural and optimisation studies is to prolong the network lifetime. The lifetime of the sensor nodes is affected by different components such as the microprocessor, the sensing module and the wireless transmitter/receiver. The existing works mainly consider these components to decide on best deployment, topology, protocols and so on.Recent studies have also considered the monitoring and evaluation of the path loss caused by environmental factors. Path loss is always considered in isolation from the higher layers such as application and network. It is necessary to combine path loss computations used in physical layer, with information from upper layers such as application layer for a more realistic evaluation. In this paper, a simulation-based study is presented that uses path-loss model and application layer information in order to predict the network lifetime. Physical environment is considered as well.We show that when path-loss is introduced, increasing the transmission power is needed to reduce the amount of packets lost. This presents a tradeoff between the residual energy and the successful transmission rate when more realistic settings are employed for simulation. It is a challenging task to optimise the transmission power of WSNs, in presence of path loss, because although increasing the transmission power reduces the residual energy, it also reduces the number of retransmissions required. Index Terms- attenuation; path loss; wireless sensor networks; energy consumed; life time Evaluation tools Analytical modelingSimulators Real Deployment Test Beds Fig. 1. Performance evaluation methods I. I NTRODUCTION Recent advances in wireless communications and electronics have enabled the development of wireless sensor networks (WSNs), which comprise many low cost, low power, and multifunctional sensor nodes to accomplish certain sensing tasks in an intelligent manner. A sensor network is a special type of network which generally consists of a data acquisition system and a data distribution system. The unique characteristics of WSNs in terms of data collection and energy constrains, separate them from other communication networks.In Figure 1 we show the most common techniques for performance evaluation that are analytical modelling, simulation and benchmarking. The existing studies consider benchmarking in form of test beds and measurements for real deployment. The energy constrains of WSNs, limits their processing capabilities and communication. Therefore, using one of these performance evaluation methods, and analysis of deployment and management of such complex systems is a challenging task [1]. Due to inherent complexity and diverse nature of WSNs (dynamic topology, wireless channel characteristics, mobility, 978-0-7695-4682-7/12 $26. 0  © 2012 IEEE DOI 10. 1109/UKSim. 2012. 87 569 density of the nodes etc. ), analytical methods may become inappropriate as they require certain simpli? cations to model and predict the performance of the system. The simpli? cations may lead to inaccurate results in case of unrealistic assumptions [2],[3]. Experimental studies such as [4],[5],[6],[7] are not always practical for evaluation of systems with different architectures and under various conditions, mainly because of the dif? culties in deployment of real systems. Potential dif? ulties associated may be deploying tens or hundreds of sensor nodes in the physical environment, program the nodes and monitor their behaviour, the high costs involved in obtaining the instrumentation and other aspects such as fault tolerance, and scalability. It is well known that when it comes to benchmarking, the results in many cases cannot be extrapolated to suit the changes in the system or environment. Hence, testing and performance evaluation of WSNs through analytical modelling, real deployment and test beds can become complex, inaccurate, time consuming and/or costly.Simulation is currently the most widely adopted method for analyzing WSNs. Simulation studies provide quicker evaluation, optimisation and modi? cations of the proposed algorithms and protocols at design, development and implementation stages. A number of simulation tools are available with different features, models, architectures and characteristics for performance evaluation in WSNs. Packet level simulators offer various optimisation methods for free space scenarios and avoid the effects of path loss 1 that may be caused by different obstacles. The existing studies considering path loss for WSNs on the other hand are quite conservative.The impacts of path losses are not considered, and analysed together with details in upper layers such as network and application. In this paper, a new approach is considered to combine 1 Path loss is the attenuation in power density of an electromagnetic wave as it propagates through space. the path loss related issues with packet level simulation. A case study is presented which uses path-loss as well as network and application layer data in order to predict the network lifetime. Well known path loss computation models are adopted to use with a new tool, which allows the users to deploy ensors in a two dimensional abstraction of the physical environment, and to introduce obstacles. The new tool in turn communicates with well-known Castalia package and OMNET simulation environment. The energy consumption of the nodes considering the impact of path loss for different transmission powers is presented, the tradeoff between traditional performance measures such as packet loss and residual energy is illustrated. The approach presented lends itself as a ? exible and ef? cient tool which provides a more realistic approach for analysing WSNs and evaluating the performance in terms of energy ef? iency. The ? exibility of abstraction provided for the physical environment, also makes it possible to use various path loss models (even experimental ones). The rest of the paper is organised as follows: Section II considers various types of simulators. In section III, our approach is presented. Section IV provides the details of home automation application which is chosen as a case study. Section V shows the numerical results obtained. The impact of path loss on energy consumption of the nodes in a WSN is shown as well as the behaviour of nodes for different transmission powers in presence of path losses.In section VI, conclusion and future studies are presented. II. R ELATED W ORK In this section, we consider existing simulators. They can be classi? ed based on their level of complexity in to three main categories: Instruction, algorithm and packet level. A. Instruction level simulators Instruction level simulators are often regarded as emulators. They model the CPU execution at the level of instructions. TOSSIM [8], Atemu [9], Avrora [10] are well known emulators. TOSSIM is the most commonly used emulator. However, compared to other emulators, it is not the most precise one. TOSSIM, is a platform speci? simulator (a TinyOS mote simulator) which can compile any code written for TinyOS to an executable ? le. TinyViz, is the basic GUI for TOSSIM which can visualize and interact with the running simulations. TOSSIM is speci? c for TinyOS applications on Mica motes sensors and do not include power models. Avora, is a javabased emulator used for programs speci? cally written for AVR microcontrollers produced by Amtel and the Mica2 sensor modes. Atemu provides low-level emulation of the operation of individual sensor nodes. A unique feature of Atemu is its ability to simulate a heterogeneous sensor network.It is scalable and its high ? delity platform is used as a predeployment tool for sensor networks. B. Algorithm level simulators Shawn [11], AlgoSensim [12], and Sinalgo [13], are well known algorithm level simulators with emphasis on the logic, data structure and presentation of the algorithms. They rely on some form of graphical data structure to demonstrate the communication between the nodes. Shawn is a very powerful tool in simulating large scale networks with an abstract point of view. It supports distributed protocols and generic high level algorithms. AlgoSensim focuses on network speci? analysis of algorithms like localization, distributed routing, and ? ooding. AlgoSensim mainly facilitates the implementation and quality analysis of new algorithms. Sinalgo focuses on the veri? cation of network algorithms and abstracts from the underlying layers. It also offers a message passing view of the network. Sinalgo can be employed for quick prototyping and veri? cation in freely customizable network settings. C. Packet level simulators OPNET, Qualnet, NS-2, GloMoSim, are some of the most commonly used packet level simulators. They implement the data link and physical layers in the OSI network layers.Hence, radio models, 802. 11b or newer MAC protocols, fading, collisions, noise and wave diffractions are commonly implemented. Network Simulator (NS) is a discrete event simulator written in combination of C++ and OTcl. OTcl is an object oriented scripting language, developed mainly for networking research. It provides extensive support for simulation of TCP, multicast protocols, and routing for wired and wireless networks. With protocol implementations being widely produced and developed, the extensibility of NS-2 has been a major contributor to its success.It has an object-oriented design which allows for easy creation of new protocols. The key features for WSNs include battery models, hybrid simulation support, sensor channels, scenario generation tools and a visualization tool [14]. Scalability, lack of application model and the lack of customization are few limitations of NS-2 along with lacking an application model [3]. OPNET [15] and Qualnet [16] are commercialized network simulator software with powerful standard modules and they provide good simulation environment.OPNET is an excellent choice to simulate Zigbee based networks with the implementation of Zigbee protocol and IEEE 802. 15. 4 MAC protocol. Qualnet performs well in simulating large scale sensor networks due to its scalability in wireless simulation, but OPNET simulation requires a long time when the number of sensors considered is large. The above mentioned simulators use rather simple radio/channel models [17]. Also, the simulators are still platform speci? c and moderately scalable, making them unsuitable for protocol /algorithm design and testing.Furthermore the environmental details and especially the effects of path loss has not been considered in any of the given simulation packages. III. O UR APPROACH Figure 2 outlines the main components of our approach. This has been implemented in a tool called PlaceLife. An environment editor allows the user to specify the physical environment by using a graphical editor. The environment can include different obstacles and different sensors. An obstacle can have different properties such as the material it is 570 PlaceLife other layers info Environment Editor Application Model Path loss Model Translation engine ommonly used path loss models that de? nes the behaviour of signal strength in an indoor area. The path loss behaviour is dependent on the distance between nodes and the attenuation factor added by the objects. The attenuation can vary based on several factors such as the construction materials (e. g. , wood, glass and concrete) and the object size. In the Table I we show some attenuation values in dB introduced by various materials. We provide a detailed discussion in the next Section. The dependant path loss model can be expressed as [21]: LP = L0 + 20log(d) + mtype wtype Castalia Omnet++ Fig. 2. PlaceLife here, LP represents the path loss between two nodes, d is the distance between the two nodes, L0 is the path loss in free space environment, mtype refers to the number of objects of the same type and wtype is the loss in decibels attributed to that particular object. B. The translation engine The translation engine takes as an input the environment, application, and path loss models in order to produce simulation scripts. We use Castalia [22] as a simulation tool. Castalia is a WSN simulator used for initial testing of protocols and/or algorithms with a realistic node behaviour, wireless channel and radio models.Since Castalia is highly tunable and can simulate a wide range of platforms, it is used to evaluate different platform characteristics. Castalia features an accurate radio model based on the work of the authors in [23]. It also features physical process model, considering clock drift, sensor energy consumption, CPU energy consumption, sensor bias etc. Unpredictability of the wireless channel, energy spent in transmission/receiving packets, performance degradation experienced by duty cycles, collisions are usually overlooked by simple simulators.However these details are well established in Castalia [17]. All main components that affect the energy consumption of sensor nodes are considered that are the micro-processor, the sensor module, wireless transmitter/receiver and the path loss. We emphasise that while Castalia provides a good low level simulation platform; it does not provide any means to specify the application behaviour, the environment and the path loss models. The application behaviour is needed to derive application level simulation parameters. The environment and the path loss models allow the calculation of the path loss.In fact while Castalia assumes that the user provides path loss related parameters, our approach automatically derives those values from high level models such as the environment and path loss. IV. H OME AUTOMATION Monitoring and automatic control of building environment is a case study considered quite often [24], [25], [26], [27]. Home automation can include the following functionalities: (i) heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems; (ii) emergency control systems (? re alarms); (iii) centralized control lighting; and (iv) other systems, to provide comfort, energy ef? ciency and security.In order to validate our approach made of and its size. The environment editor also allows the speci? cation of the sensor position in the physical environment. Obstacles and sensor position are used to compute the path loss. An application model de? nes the behaviour of nodes. From this model various performance parameters such as transmission and sensing rates can be derived. PlaceLife considers information from other layers such as network, data and physical layers to have a more realistic approximation for the life time. At network layer different protocols such as AODV [18] and DSR [19] can be speci? d but also static routing can be de? ned. This can be easily speci? ed on the environment model. Although various data link layer access methods can be used, the Timeout MAC (T-MAC) has been chosen in this case study. T-MAC is a contention based MAC protocol that use synchronised sleep schedules between the nodes in a WSN to conserve energy [20]. Also T-MAC provides both collision avoidance and reliable transmission. A. Path loss Path loss is the attenuation in power density of an electromagnetic wave as it propagates. Path loss is consequence of many effects such as free-space loss, refraction, diffraction, re? ction, aperture-medium coupling loss, and absorption. Path loss is also affected by other factors such as propagation medium (dry or moist air), the distance between the transmitter and the receiver, and the frequency of the signal. When the effects of path loss are not considered, the evaluation of underlying structure can become optimistic, since the problems associated, retransmissions and the way this phenomena affects the energy consumption are not taken into account. In our approach a path loss model can be speci? ed by the user. This model is used together with the physical environmental model in order to de? e the path loss between two nodes. In this paper we consider indoor environment and the dependant path loss model [21]. This is one of the most 571 A5 T Sm Sp Sp A3 BS A1 T T A4 Sp Sm Sm T Sp = sprinkler T = temperature Sm = smoke BS = base station concrete wood glass Sm Sp T A2 Sp Fig. 4. Fig. 3. Home automation Energy consumed by each node with and without path loss we consider the ? re alarm system and the automatic heating application. The ? re alarm system is composed of different temperature sensors and smoke detectors that are distributed inside the building.There are also sprinkler actuators used to enable the water ? ow in case of ? re. All the temperature sensors monitor the temperature at regular intervals (every 30 seconds). When a temperature sensor reads a value that exceeds a speci? ed threshold; it sends an alert message to the smoke detector. The smoke detector receives the alert and checks for smoke. An alarm is raised when the smoke is detected. In this case the smoke sensor also activates all the sprinklers. The automatic heating application is composed of different temperature sensors, a base station and various heaters.The temperature sensors send readings every 30 seconds to the base station. This is placed at the center forming a star topology. The base station averages the readings and decides whether or not the central heating system should be on. More speci? cally the base station works in the following way: if the heating is turned on and the average temperature is greater than the minimum threshold, the central heating system turns off. if the average temperature is less than the minimum threshold, the central heating system turns on. We consider the scenario of Figure 3. A ? at composed of ? e rooms (A1-A5). We also consider different obstacles such as wooden doors, walls and glass partition. V. N UMERICAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS In order to show the usefulness and effectiveness of our approach and to analyse various factors affecting the performance in terms of energy consumption of WSNs, the numerical results are presented in this section. The simulation parameters are as follows: CC2420 radio de? ned by the Texas instruments is used, the output power of the different transmission levels in dBm are varied from 0 to -25dBm. Energy consumption for each transmission level varies.For instance for 0 dBm power consumed for listening (receiving) is 62 mW and for transmission is 57. 42 mW. Packet rate is kept at 250 kbps, the radio bandwidth is 20 MHz and the simulation runs for 9000 sec. T-MAC is used as a MAC protocol, and this makes the length of each frame period for all nodes 610 milliseconds, and the duration of listen time out 61 milliseconds. For our case study, we calculated the path-loss due to the material and explicitly set our path loss map [21], [28]. Refer to Figure 3 and Table I [21] for each type of obstacle and for its contribution to path loss.For the sake of the presentation we use numbers to represent sensors. Node 0 represents the base station. Nodes 1,4,5,7, and 9 monitor temperature in areas A1,A5,A4,A3, and A2 respectively. Nodes 2,3,6, and 8 monitor smoke in the areas A1,A5,A4, and A3 respectively. Table II and Table III show the energy consumed by the nodes for the application scenario considering the path-loss phenomenon and ignoring the path loss respectively. Similarly, Figure 4 shows the difference in energy consumed by each node for two different cases. In case one path loss is ignored, and for the next set of results the path loss is present.It is evident that the lifetime of the nodes is heavily TABLE I PARTITION DEPENDENT LOSSES FOR 2. 4 G HZ obstacles Concrete wall Wooden door Glass wall Cinder wall window Brick Masonry brick metal door attenuation in dB 12 2. 8 2 4 2 5 17 12. 4 TABLE II E NERGY CONSUMED BY THE NODES IN JOULES , CONSIDERING PATH LOSS nodes 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 energy 100. 7 84. 9 95. 6 94. 3 90. 1 88. 8 89. 3 88. 9 90. 5 91. 2 TABLE III E NERGY CONSUMED BY THE NODES IN JOULES , IGNORING PATH LOSS nodes 0 energy 81. 4 1 2 81. 4 82. 6 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 81. 4 81. 5 81. 5 82. 7 81. 4 82. 4 83. 1 572 Fig. 5. Energy consumed vs. ransmitted power for nodes 5-9 Fig. 6. Energy consumed vs. transmitted power vs. packets lost dependent on the impact of the path loss, and ignoring the effect of path loss would be an optimistic assumption when energy consumed by each node is considered. This is because, when the effects of path loss are not considered, problems associated, retransmissions and the way this phenomena affects the energy consumption are not taken into account. However these factors affect the life time of the node. Node 3 consumes 13 joules of more energy due to path loss, when compared to no path loss.Figure 5 shows the life time of the nodes 5 to 9, considering the impact of path loss for different transmission powers. Transmission power is varied from -25 dBm to 0 dBm, the energy consumption of the nodes is increased as we increase the transmission power. For node 7, as the transmission power is increased from -25 dBm to 0dBm, the energy consumed by the node also increases from 80. 1 joules to 88. 9 joules. The trade-off between traditional performance measures such as packet loss and residual energy is presented in Figure 6.The dotted lines represent the packets lost and the straight lines represent the energy consumed by each node. As the transmission power is decreased from 0 dBm to -25 dBm, there is a gradual increase in amount of packets lost. For node 0, as the transmission power is decreased from 0 dBm to -25 dBm, the number of packets lost increases to 370, from 206 and the energy consumed increases to 100 joules, from 88 joules. Because of the retransmissions, more energy is consumed by the nodes. But the increase in transmission power does not necessarily mean increase in the life time as there are no retransmissions.When the tradeoff between the packet loss and the energy consumed is analysed, it can be seen that the optimum transmission power should be between -15 to -5 dBm where the energy consumption is less than 95 joules and packet loss is less than 200 packets. VI. C ONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK In this paper, a simulation-based study is presented that uses path-loss network and application layer data in order to predict the network lifetime. Physical environment is considered as well. We show that when path-loss is introduced, increasing the transmission power is needed to reduce the amount of packets lost.This presents a tradeoff between the residual energy and the successful transmission rate when more realistic settings are employed for simulation. It is a challenging task to optimise the transmission power of WSNs, in presence of path loss, because although increasing the transmission power reduces the residual energy, it also reduces the number of retransmissions required. This work is by no means complete. The concept is far more complicated than just ? nding out the network life time. The main focus is to place the nodes in a way to maximise the network life time, which is the major constrain of WSNs. Work is in progress.R EFERENCES [1] I. Akyildiz, S. Weilian, Y. Sankarasubramaniam, and E. Cayirci, A survey on sensor networks, Communications Magazine, IEEE, vol. 40, no. 8, pp. 102 – 114, aug 2002. [2] T. Krop, M. Bredel, M. Hollick, and R. 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Correct Survey Organization within Research Essay

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